empiricism Essay - 1554 Words

Empiricism Empiricism by nature is the belief that there is no knowledge without experience. How can one know what something tastes like if they have never tasted it? For example, would someone know that an apple is red if they have never actually have seen one. Someone can tell you an apple is red, but, if you never have seen one, can you really be sure? Empiricists use three anchor points in which they derive their opinions from. The first of these points is; the only source of genuine knowledge is sense experience. An easier way to understand this is to compare the mind to a clean sponge. As the sponge touches things, it takes with it, a piece of everything it touches. Without this, the sponge would remain clean and be void of anything†¦show more content†¦Another of the classic empiricists is George Berkeley (1685-1753), who believes that knowledge is possible. He believed that â€Å"it was only through experience and not reason that we have knowledge of reality† (p.99). The best way to describe what Berkeley was trying to say would be found in what we call today idealism. Idealism by definition is a position that maintains that ultimate reality is mental or spiritual in nature. He believed that reality is made up in many individual minds rather than one cosmic mind. Hence, when Berkeley says that we have an idea o f something he is not necessarily referring to a particular concept but to the experience of our memory of the combined ideas. The third empiricist is David Hume (1711-1776) and he does not answer this question as easily as the first two have. He believes that knowledge is possible but is limited by what we cannot know about the world outside of our own experience. Since we can only know the contents of our individual minds, knowledge would and can be different for each person. Hume believes that sensory data is key for any individual in order to know something is real. For example, if two people were sitting together, one possessing the ability to see and hear and the other does not, could the one the latter really know that a car drove by and that fact that it was red? Examples like this one are why HumeShow MoreRelatedEmpiricism and Experience1575 Words   |  7 PagesEmpiricism Empiricism by nature is the belief that there is no knowledge without experience. How can one know what something tastes like if they have never tasted it? For example, would someone know that an apple is red if they have never actually have seen one. Someone can tell you an apple is red, but, if you never have seen one, can you really be sure? Empiricists use three anchor points in which they derive their opinions from. The first of these points is; the only source of genuine knowledgeRead MoreEmpiricism In Grendel1503 Words   |  7 Pagesto see if he truly aligns and believes in the philosophy. Similarly, I, throughout my fifteen years of living, have â€Å"tried on† coats of philosophies and align specifically with parts of two philosophies present in Grendel: Empiricism and the philosophy of Nietzsche. Empiricism is the philosophy that professes all knowledge comes from sense experience, and the primary aspect of Nietzsche’s philosophy is that tragedy is the affirmation of life. Ultimately, because of the experiences I have had in myRead MoreEmpiricism in Geography1294 Words   |  6 PagesFor the purpose of this essay I will critically discuss aspects of empiricism and the empirical method and their use in geography. I will discuss these aspects with close reference to a recommended reading for our co urse by Ward et al (2007). Empiricism is a philosophical idea that experience, which is based on observation and experimentation, is the only source of knowledge. Empiricism believes that the mind is a blank canvas and all knowledge arrives in the mind through the portals that are theRead MoreRationalism Vs Empiricism : Rationalism Versus Empiricism1385 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Rationalism vs Empiricism† Today in society, many people are free to follow whichever philosophical view that they feel is right for them. Each philosophical view has a different set of beliefs, and many philosophers went through great lengths to prove that the philosophical view of their choice was the best one. In this paper I will be talking about two philosophical theories. The first one is called Empiricism, and it was made famous by a philosopher named David Hume. Empiricism states that ourRead MoreEmpiricism and Rationalism Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pages(Markie, 2008, section 1.2) Yet, philosophical empiricism is defined in such an absolute way; which causes philosophical empiricism to be an inaccurate philosophical position from which to address all aspects of human life. Philosophical empiricism is defined as â€Å"the belief that all human knowledge arises from sense experience.† (Nash, 1999, page 254) Yet, medical empiricism is so far to the other extreme as to be insulting, while this empiricism is still said to be based on all sensory experience;Read MoreThe Philosophical View Of Empiricism1382 Words   |  6 Pagesis called Empiricism, and it was made famous by a philosopher named David Hume. Empiricism states that our knowledge should come from sensory experience, impressions, and observation. The other philosophical view I will be taking about is called Rationalism. Many people who don’t agree with empiricism lean more towards Rationalism. Rationalism was made famous by a philosopher that goes by the name of Rene Descartes, and Rationalism says that knowledge should come from reasoning. empiricism, and rationalismRead MoreEpistemology : Empiricism And Rationalism Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagesskeptic or unsure of a world outside of one’s mind seems crazy, but delving into the topic has revealed to me many objections as to why one would be skeptical about the world as we know it. There are two main positions in epistemology: empiricism and rationalism. Empiricism is the belief that all of our knowledge must come from sense experience that we have encountered, and there cannot be knowledge that doesn’t come from sense experience (Notes). On the other hand, rationalism is the belief that humansRead MoreEmpiricism, Positivism, And Positivism Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pageskinds of investigation in the world. We also refer it as â€Å"empiricism†, the scientific way we gain our knowledge from experience. Empiricism is also a view that all kinds of knowledge come from, not just scientific knowledge. Scientific thinking and investigation have the same basic pattern as everyday thinking and investigation. (Godfrey-Smith, 9) Again, we call it â€Å"empiricism† in terms of philosophical way, but in earliest form, the â€Å"empiricism† was referred as â€Å"logical positivism†. Logical PositivismRead MoreRationalism vs. Empiricism Es say1573 Words   |  7 PagesRationalism and empiricism were two philosophical schools in the 17th and 18th centuries, that were expressing opposite views on some subjects, including knowledge. While the debate between the rationalist and empiricist schools did not have any relationship to the study of psychology at the time, it has contributed greatly to facilitating the possibility of establishing the discipline of Psychology. This essay will describe the empiricist and rationalist debate, and will relate this debate to theRead MoreThe Spread Of Empiricism By Isaac Newton1067 Words   |  5 PagesSpread of Empiricism Isaac Newton’s astounding achievements in the field of science contributed to the birth of empiricism. This was the belief that knowledge acquired through sense experience is the only true meaningful knowledge. This idea began in Britain and spread all the way to Scotland and even Ireland. Philosophers such as David Hume developed radical ideas supporting these beliefs. Descartes theory regarding clockwork universe inspired others to further investigate the countless mysteries

Models For Food Security In India Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

88. By the twelvemonth 2020, India is expected to emerge as one of the four major powers in the universe, harmonizing to a survey prepared by the World Bank. Even so, India will non be able to do much headroom and advancement on the nutrient security forepart without showing in cardinal alterations in its agribusiness. We will write a custom essay sample on Models For Food Security In India Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is hence, imperative that the bing patterns in agribusiness undergo cardinal alterations. This is of import as more than two-thirds of the population still depend on agribusiness. The â€Å" green revolution † is easy petering out and even if our nutrient production witnesses a quadruple rise, there will be many kids who will still endure nutrition lack and deficiency of equal nutrient. Harmonizing to a survey by Prof. Anatoly Kratiger of Cornell University, India ‘s foodgrains end product will hold to more than double from the present degrees in order to feed the following two coevalss. In this context, it is indispensable that our husbandmans are ready to run into the challenge. 89. It was clear even during 1966-1968 that unless husbandmans adopt environmentally sound engineerings like incorporate alimentary supply, integrated pest direction and scientific H2O direction at that place will be jobs in the long-run sustainability of production. Hence Mr Swaminathanan made the undermentioned statement in his talk at the Indian Science Congress held in Varanasi in January 1968[ 1 ]: – â€Å" Exploitative agribusiness offers great dangers if carried out with merely an immediate net income or production motivation. The emerging exploitatory farming – community in India should go cognizant of this. Intensive cultivation of land without preservation of dirt birthrate and dirt construction would take, finally, to the jumping up of comeuppances. Irrigation without agreement for drainage would ensue in dirts acquiring alkaline or saline. Indiscriminate usage of pesticides, antifungals and weedkillers could do inauspicious alterations in biological balance every bit good as lead to an addition in the incidence of malignant neoplastic disease and other diseases, through the toxic residues present in the grains or other comestible parts. Unscientific tapping of belowground H2O will take to the rapid exhaustion of this fantastic capital resource left to us through ages of natural agriculture. The rapid replacing of legion locally adapted assortments with one or two h igh-yielding strains in big immediate countries would ensue in the spread of serious diseases capable of pass overing out full harvests, as happened prior to the Irish murphy dearth of 1854 and the Bengal rice dearth in 1942. Therefore, the induction of exploitatory agribusiness without a proper apprehension of the assorted effects of every one of the alterations introduced into traditional agribusiness, and without first constructing up a proper scientific and developing base to prolong it, may merely take us, in the long tally, into an epoch of agricultural catastrophe instead than one of agricultural prosperity. † 90. In India, a bulk of husbandmans have little retentions and are vulnerable to the vagaries of nature like drouth and inundations. Against such a background, there is a demand to do particular attempt to increase productiveness. Since India is diverse state with changing landscape A ; environmental forms, the technological solutions for its agribusiness will change consequently. To accomplish enduring autonomy at the national and family degrees, enterprises must be founded on the rules of economic feasibleness, equity, wide engagement, and the sustainable usage of natural resources. 91. The publicity of ecotechnology development and airing, the effectual acceptance of incorporate systems of cistron and natural resources direction and the effectual harnessing of information engineerings should go indispensable elements of the â€Å" scientific discipline and engineering for basic human demands † motion in India. 92. To sum up, there is no clip to loosen up on the nutrient production forepart. It is obvious that we have to bring forth more, but produce it in a mode that there is no inauspicious environmental or societal impact. Water is likely to be a serious restraint. Hence, precedence should be given to developing and distributing efficient H2O direction techniques, including aquifer direction, waste H2O recycling and conjunctive usage of surface and rain H2O. Future agricultural production engineerings should be based on the foundation of incorporate natural resources direction. The recommendations given below should go built-in portion of Indian Agricultural development policies. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA Synergy between Public Policy and Investment 93. Significant events in our agribusiness like the green revolution in wheat land rice and milk revolution owe their beginning to reciprocally reenforcing, bundles of engineering, services and public policies. While scientists can develop give heightening engineerings, these will non do an impact on production and productiveness without appropriate support from public policy and investing. 94. The wheat revolution commemorated in 1968 through the issue of a particular cast by Smt Indira Gandhi is a authoritative illustration of the power of a symphony attack in planing and implementing programmes which can assist in leapfrogging in the accomplishment of the coveted ends. For illustration, the husbandmans in the Indian Fertile Crescent Area consisting Punjab, Haryana and Western UP helped to increase wheat production between 1964 and 1968 by an order comparable to that achieved from the clip of Mohenjodaro, i.e. , our husbandmans increased wheat production in four old ages by a measure similar to that accomplished during the predating four thousand old ages[ 2 ]. This is a good illustration of the power of the symphonic music attack in the administration of multidimensional research and development programmes. Land Use Policy 95. The demand for a rational and crystalline land usage policy is going evident from the increasing figure of struggles in relation to the acquisition of farm land for industrial and other non farm utilizations. Such issues should be dealt with scientifically and non merely politically or emotionally. Short-run net income should non sabotage long term nutrient security. In a preponderantly rural and agricultural state like India, agriculture is the chief beginning of work and income security. Food security with place grown nutrient is non merely of import for beef uping rural support security, but it is besides indispensable for both internal security and external sovereignty. 96. At the same clip, the unfinished sections of land reform including the distribution of ceiling excess land to assetless households should be attended to with velocity and committedness. The involvements of unregistered agriculturists, renters and tribal agriculturists will hold to be safeguarded. Wherever possible, atleast one acre of land should be provided to each landless labour household. Economic Well being and Nutrition Security of Rural Families 97. Farm households in India constitute over two-thirds of the population. Since husbandmans are besides consumers, the crisp differentiation, frequently made in industrialized states between the involvements of husbandmans, and consumers, is non valid in the Indian context. Detailed analyses of the causes of nutrient insecurity in rural and urban countries have revealed that the major cause of undernutrition and malnutrition among kids, adult females and work forces is the deficiency of equal buying power to allow entree to balanced diets and clean imbibing H2O. Therefore, a three-pronged scheme as given below demands to be introduced to guarantee the economic well being and nutrition security of rural households: – ( a ) First, households possessing assets like land, farm animal or fish pools will hold to be assisted to heighten the productiveness of their resource gifts in an environmentally and economically sustainable mode. The smaller the retention, the greater is the demand for marketable excess. Hence, the upper limit has to be placed on increasing end product per units of land, H2O, foods and labors based on engineerings which are ecologically and economically sound. For this, we need more research on the development of eco-technologies based on intermixing traditional ecological prudence with frontier engineerings like information and biotechnology and infinite, atomic and renewable energy engineerings. ( B ) Second, about a 3rd of the rural population and a big proportion of adult females earn their support through pay employment. They have no assets like land or farm animal or fishpond and are besides frequently illiterate. The challenge in the instance of landless agricultural labor is heightening the economic value of their clip and labor by conveying about a paradigm displacement from unskilled to skilled work. A monolithic attempt in the country of cognition and skill authorization of the adult females and work forces representing the landless labor work force is indispensable if economic value is to be added to their clip and labor. They will hold to be enabled to take to skilled non farm employment through market-driven micro-enterprises supported by microcredit. Self-help Groups ( SHGs ) of assetless adult females and work forces will hold to be made sustainable through backward linkages to recognition and engineering and forward linkages with direction and markets. Common belongings resources will hold to be developed and managed in a mode that they can supply indispensable support systems in countries such as fresh fish and provender for stall-fed carnal farming every bit good as fuel wood. ( degree Celsius ) The 3rd group are rural craftsmans working in the secondary and third sectors of the economic system. Their accomplishments will hold to be mobilised to heighten the fight of agribusiness through value add-on to primary merchandises and variegation of support chances. The scheme for the technological upgradation of rural professions should be based on the rule of societal inclusion. 98. Therefore, the three pronged scheme consists of bettering the productiveness of land, H2O, farm animal and labor in the instance of plus having farm households, change overing unskilled agricultural labor into skilled enterprisers engaged in organizing market-driven non-farm endeavors, and heightening the accomplishments of households involved in the secondary and third sectors of the rural economic system, so that they are able to help in bettering agricultural efficiency and fight and in stoping the predominating mismatch between production and station crop engineerings. Sustainable Progresss in Small Farm Productivity 99. Sustainability has to be measured in ecological, economic and equity footings. First, the ecological foundations indispensable for sustained progresss in productiveness, such as dirt, H2O, biodiversity, woods and clime are under terrible anthropogenetic force per unit areas. The human and farm animate being population back uping capacity of the ecosystem has been exceeded in many parts of the state. The measure and quality of land H2O, which is now the dominant beginning of irrigation H2O, is fast deteriorating. Although India has over 20 per cent of the universe ‘s farm animate being population, good graze lands are practically nonexistent. Intensifying current jobs, the possibility of inauspicious alterations in precipitation, temperature and sea degree due to planetary heating and clime alteration is no longer merely a theoretical speculation. 100. Second ; in the country of farm economic sciences, resource flow to the agribusiness sector is worsening and liability of little and fringy farm households is lifting. Input signal costs are increasing, while factor productiveness is worsening. Contrary to the general feeling of agricultural prosperity in Punjab, the entire debt in the farm sector has been estimated to hold increased from Rs.5,700 crore in 1996-97 to Rs.11,133 crore in 2002-03. The mean farm debt in Punjab now exceeds a hundred thousand of rupees ( Rs.1,01,210 ) , out of which more than 40 per cent is provided by non-institutional beginnings at an involvement rate of about 24 per cent per annum. The cost-risk-return construction of agriculture is going inauspicious to over 80 million agriculture households runing little retentions, since the resource hapless households cultivating 1 to 2 hectares or less are unable to profit from the power of graduated table at both the production and station crop stages of farm ing. There is no flat playing field for them in the market and they are being exposed to competition from the capital, engineering and subsidy goaded agribusiness of industrialized states[ 3 ]. 101. Third, a engineering weariness has farther aggravated husbandman ‘s jobs, since smaller the farm the greater is the demand for sustained marketable excess, in order to hold hard currency income. Linkages between the research lab and the field have weakened and extension in services has frequently, small to widen by manner of location, clip and agriculture system specific information and advice. Good quality seeds at low-cost monetary values are in short supply and specious pesticides and biofertilisers are being sold in the absence of effectual quality control systems. Input supply is in confusion peculiarly in dry farming countries. Micronutrient lacks in the dirt every bit good as jobs associating to dirty natural philosophies are shouting for attending. Farmers have no manner of acquiring proactive advice on land usage based on meteoric and selling factors. Though it is now over 12 old ages since the WTO government started operating in agribusiness, serious efforts are yet to be made to establish in rural countries motions for Quality Literacy ( healthful and phytosanitary steps and codex alimentarius criterions of nutrient safety ) , Trade Literacy ( likely demand-supply and monetary value state of affairs ) , Legal Literacy ( IPR, Farmers Rights ) and Familial Literacy ( genetically modified harvests ) . No inquire the predominating spread between possible and existent outputs even with engineerings presently on the shelf is broad as shown below[ 4 ]: – Crop USA China India Maize 8900 4900 2100 Mick 7500 6000 3000 Soies 2250 1740 1050 Seed Cotton 2060 3500 750 Tomato 6250 2400 1430 Comparative Crop Productivity ( Kg/Hectare ) 102. In the country of engineering, there is besides a demand to bridge the turning digital and familial divides. Post-harvest engineering is hapless and there is small value add-on peculiarly in the instance of fruits, veggies and spices including a broad scope of tubers and medicative and aromatic workss. Sustainable intensification, ecologically, economically and nutritionally desirable variegation and value add-on to the full biomass are of import for raising little and fringy farm households above subsistence degree. All this will name for originating an epoch of cognition intensive agribusiness. Modern ICT afford an chance for establishing a cognition revolution in rural India. The torch carriers of this revolution should be rural adult females and work forces. Participatory research and knowledge direction affecting farm adult females and work forces should be the chief tracts of research, instruction and extension. Farmers should be regarded as spouses and pioneers in conveyi ng about agricultural transmutation and non as `beneficiaries ‘ of authorities programmes. Such a alteration in mentality among authorities officials every bit good as scientists is indispensable for advancement. 103. Technologies should assist in advancing labour variegation and non displacement. Women husbandmans and labour peculiarly need to be assisted with implements and equipment which will assist to cut down plodding and the figure of hours of work, while adding economic value to each hr of work. Womans suffer from a multiple load on their clip due to homemaking and maintaining, kid raising and income earning duties. They need appropriate support services like foundling hospitals and kid attention Centres and equal nutrition. The feminization of agribusiness, due to male emigration, needs specific attending with mention to gender sensitive farm and recognition policies. 104. Revival of little farmer-friendly engineerings should be based on sound rules of economic sciences and participatory research and cognition direction. If for illustration, rice-wheat rotary motion is non desirable in Punjab from the point of view of ecological sustainability, the alternate agriculture systems proposed should be capable of giving similar income. Agronomic informations should non merely indicate output per hectare of land, but besides the likely return from every rupee invested and every liter of H2O used by the husbandman. Lateral acquisition among farm adult females and work forces should be fostered, since husbandman to farmer acquisition is based on the rule â€Å" one ounce of pattern is, deserving dozenss of theory † . India is besides the place of some of the best farm households in the universe. In the thick of many hungriness and agro-ecological `hot musca volitanss ‘ , there are besides legion farming `bright musca volitanss ‘ . In ord er to multiply the benefits from the experience and accomplishments of outstanding farm work forces and adult females, Farm Schools should be established in their Fieldss. Farmer to farmer acquisition is really effectual because of the religion little husbandmans have in the economic informations provided by fellow husbandmans. Precedences in Farm Research and Development 105. Conservation Farming and Green Agriculture. Conservation farming ballads emphasis on the sustainable direction of dirt and H2O. It involves soil wellness sweetening through coincident attending to the natural philosophies, chemical science and microbiology of dirts. Scientific H2O direction purposes to utilize the available irrigation H2O in a conjuctive mode ( for illustration, surface and groundwater ) and to maximize income per bead of H2O. Green agribusiness involves the usage of environmentally desirable engineerings like Integrated Plant Nutrition, Integrated Nutrient Supply etc. While organic farming precludes the usage of mineral fertilizers, chemical pesticides and genetically modified harvest assortments, green agribusiness permits their usage in such a mode that productiveness can be improved in sempiternity without associated ecological injury. To a bulk of little farm households who have no farm animal, green agribusiness is the tract for an ever-green revolution. T herefore, an optimal blend of green agricultural patterns and organic agriculture methods should be promoted in all major farming systems. There should be internationally recognized enfranchisement processs for the merchandises of both organic agriculture and green agribusiness. 106. Productiveness and Livelihood Enhancement in Rainfed Areas. The major tract has to be productivity sweetening and the cultivation of high-value but low-water requiring harvests. A ‘catalytic intercession ‘ which will assist to increase productiveness instantly is attending to dirty health care. The proviso of micronutrients like S, Zn and B can assist to increase output by over 50 per cent in dryland farming countries. Facilities for placing and rectifying micronutrient lacks in dirts are desperately needed. Soil Health Clinics can be operated by SHGs consisting rural adult females and work forces who can publish each farm household with a Soil Health Card. Besides, farm animal and supports are closely interrelated in semi-arid and waterless countries. Hence, the constitution of fresh fish and feed Bankss should have pressing attending. The spread between possible and existent outputs is high in dryland farming countries. Bridging the productiveness spread in an econ omically feasible mode is the best safety cyberspace against husbandmans distress in such countries. For speed uping advancement in happening permanent solutions to the economic sufferings of husbandmans and agricultural labor, it would be utile to organize District-level pool of private and public sector establishments willing to assist in bettering little farm income and off-farm employment chances through appropriate engineerings and producer-oriented selling. 107. Small Farmers ‘ Horticulture Estates. The cultivation of fruits, veggies, flowers, spices, medicative and aromatic workss is now go oning in a large manner in several parts of the state. A National Horticulture Mission has been launched to duplicate the production of veggies and fruits in seven old ages ( from 150 million metric tons per twelvemonth to 300 million metric tons )[ 5 ]. Bing perishable trade goods, horticultural harvests need effectual substructure support in the countries of production, processing, storage, transit and selling. In small towns bordering big ingestion Centres ( both for place and export markets ) , little husbandmans can be helped to organize Small Farmers ‘ Horticulture Estates in the signifier of SHGs for co-ops covering an country of 200 to 500 hectares. In such estates, specialised activities like seed production, tissue civilization extension, production of compost, vermiculture, biofertilisers, biopesticides and e-commerce can be p romoted through technological and recognition, authorization. Such Estates will confabulate on husbandmans cultivating one to two hectares the power of scale both at the production and station crop stages of the horticultural endeavor. Low cost nurseries coupled with fertigation techniques can be promoted, in add-on to high tech gardening which can be undertaken by farm and place scientific discipline alumnuss. The production of good quality, disease-free seting stuff is of import in all clonally propagated species. Besides, seeds and seting stuffs of assortments suited for treating will hold to be provided to husbandmans in countries where production and processing are linked. Such symbiotic linkages between manufacturers and processors will ease sourcing of good quality natural stuff for the processing industry. The basic rule underlying such Estates is decentralized production supported by key centralised services. 108. Enhancing the Productivity of Cotton and the Global Competitiveness of the Cotton Textile Industry. The fabric sector is a major employment, and income providing sector of the national economic system. With the coming to an terminal of the multi-fibre agreement on 1 January, 2005, our cotton manufacturers, weavers and the fabric industry are meeting both new chances and menaces[ 6 ]. Without enhanced efficiency, it will be impossible to take advantage of the emerging market chances. Technological upgrading of all the constituents of the cotton production-processing-marketing rhythm, will be needed to protect this critical sector of our economic system from reverses. A productiveness, quality and value add-on revolution is desperately needed in cotton production and processing. The pollution jobs associated with small-scale fabric units can be solved by farming Environmental Management Cooperatives consisting 50 to 100 little graduated table fabric units. 109. Womans Farmers and Farm Labour. There is increasing feminization of agribusiness in households with little and fringy retentions, due to the emigration of work forces. The job is peculiarly terrible in hill countries like Uttaranchal, Jharkhand and the North eastern provinces. Yet, out of about 50 million Kisan Credit Cards issued in the state, less than 5 per cent seem to hold been issued to adult females. The proposed bestowal of land rights to adult females will assist to right this straitening state of affairs. Meanwhile, joint pattas will hold to be issued to do adult females eligible for institutional recognition. Besides, adult females working the whole twenty-four hours in the field require support services like foundling hospitals and twenty-four hours attention Centres. A alone chance now exists for breeding the on-going National Rural Employment Guarantee programme by enlarging the construct of work in the instance of adult females by including such indispensable acti vities like running foundling hospitals and kid attention Centres, fixing school midday repasts, set abouting immunization of kids, supplying household planning services, etc. Work will so go a powerful tool for human and societal development. 110. Every Village a Knowledge Centre. India ‘s strength in ICT provides uncommon chances for taking digital and cognition connectivity to every small town in the state. Reaching the unapproachable and voicing the voiceless will be possible through an integrated ICT scheme affecting the cyberspace, community wireless, overseas telegram Television, cell phone and common imperativeness. The fiber-optic web of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited ( BSNL ) , consisting 30,000 exchanges, covers all the 6,000 blocks of the state. If each exchange is extended to 20 nearby small towns, all the 600,000 small towns can be covered at minimum outgo[ 7 ]. 111. The Rural Knowledge Centres or Gyan Chaupals should be located in public infinites like Panchayat Buildings or Village Schools, so that there is societal inclusion in entree. The National Alliance for Mission – Every Village a Knowledge Centre and the Jamsetji Tata National Virtual Academy for Rural Prosperity are effectual instruments for establishing cognition based agribusiness and rural nonfarm endeavors. Panchayat Raj Institutions will hold to play a lead function in the rural cognition revolution. NABARD, SBI and other fiscal establishments can back up Rural ICT SHGs, who can keep and run the Gyan Chaupals. Connectivity, content, capacity edifice, attention and direction of the Gyan Chaupal will all need integrated attending to do the motion socially meaningful and economically sustainable. 112. Employment Coevals in Agriculture. In the ultimate analysis, a sustainable terminal to hunger can be achieved merely by supplying chances for every adult female and adult male to gain their day-to-day staff of life. A elaborate scheme for making extra skilled occupations through gardening, cotton, energy plantations, carnal farming, biofuels and biomass use has to be developed. India is rich in livestock resources. The ownership form is more classless in the instance of farm animal, as compared to set down. Crop-livestock incorporate production systems can assist to heighten both family nutrition security and hard currency income. Overruling precedence should travel to contending the dearth of jobs/sustainable support chances through creative activity of economically honoring and intellectually stimulating work chances in small towns. This is the lone manner to pull and retain educated young person in small towns. We need to establish a major non-farm support enterprise on the l ines of the Township-Village Enterprises of China. 113. Uncommon Opportunities. There are legion institutional constructions already available with Government like Agri-clinics, Agri-business Centres, Food Parks, Agri-export Zones, several Commodity Centre Technology Missions, Watershed and Wasteland Development Programmes, National Rainfed Area Authority, National Fisheries Development Board and National Rural Health Mission. Alternatively of get downing many new strategies, what is needed is the revival and restructuring of bing strategies and institutional constructions and the retooling and retaining of bing staff. Besides, convergence and synergism among the legion ongoing vertically structured programmes can assist to cut down dealing costs and better, the efficiency of bringing. 114. The induction of National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme together with an expanded Food for Work Programme provides a alone chance for establishing a multipronged onslaught on poorness and rural unemployment. Engendered work under this programme can go a accelerator of a long-run sustainable support security motion in the different ecological, hydrological and husbandmans distress hot spots of the state. 115. To win, the above programmes will hold to be implemented in a decentralised mode with authorization and answerability being linked at the field degree. The 11th Agenda of the Constitution 73rd Amendment Act 1992 on the panchayets lists agribusiness, including agricultural extension, as the really first duty of panchayets. Other points including Animal farming, dairying and domestic fowl, piscaries, minor irrigation, H2O direction, watershed development, land betterment, execution of land reforms and land consolidation and dirt preservation are besides the duties of panchayets. Therefore they should be actively involved in the elaborate planning and execution of programmes in agribusiness and allied sectors. 116. Credit and Public Investment. The crisis in our agribusiness has arisen because of deficiency of appropriate public policies every bit good as equal public investing in rural substructure peculiarly in the countries of storage, processing and value add-on. Therefore the remedies for the prevailing maladies can be found merely in public policies and investing. Spending by Central and State authoritiess in beef uping the ecological, foundations for sustained progresss in farm productiveness has been traveling down. Most of the money spent by Central and State authoritiess goes to the wages of authorities officers and employees. Consequently, rural substructure including power, irrigation, market paces, rural godowns and communicating, every bit good as critical sectors like wellness and instruction remain grossly underfunded. 117. Agricultural Competitiveness: Basket of Choices. Raising the agricultural fight of husbandmans with little retentions is a major challenge. Methods of confabulating the power of graduated table to little farm households both at the production and post-harvest stages of agriculture is an pressing necessity. A basket of picks should be available to farm adult females and work forces cultivating 1 or 2 hectares or below to heighten their income earning capacity. Productivity betterment to increase the marketable excess available to little farm households, assured and compensable selling chances, and making chances for landless agricultural labor households for skilled non-farm employment should be the bottom line of public policy for rural India. The basket of picks for heightening productiveness, profitableness and sustainability, could include the undermentioned: – ( a ) Formation of SHGs of farm households to set about group operations in countries like H2O harvest home and direction, pest direction and post-harvest engineering. Some illustrations are Small Farmers ‘ Gardening, Cotton and Poultry Estates. ( B ) Promotion of contract farming to guarantee assured marketing mercantile establishments on the footing of a chiseled Code of Conduct. The Code of Conduct for Contract Farming should include proviso of support to little manufacturers in the countries of engineering and input supply and carnival and assured monetary value for the green goods. The contract should stand for a win-win state of affairs both for the manufacturer and the buyer. ( degree Celsius ) Revitalising and reconstituting assorted authorities strategies like Agri-clinics, Agri-business Centres, Rural Godowns, Small Farmers Agri-Business Consortium ( SFAC ) , National Horticulture Board, etc. so as to do them farmer-centric. ( vitamin D ) Helping little husbandmans to organize either co-ops or manufacturer companies. ( vitamin E ) Promoting the active engagement of PRIs and local organic structures to further Watershed/Command Area Communities and doing the Watershed or the irrigation bid country the point of convergence and integrating of all relevant Technology Missions like those associating to oil-rich seeds, pulsations, corn, cotton, gardening, milk, etc. Convergence and synergism among the legion Technology Missions now in advancement will better their public-service corporation and impact and besides assist to cut down overall dealing costs. All the Missions could be integrated under an umbrella set up, which could be termed ‘National Federation of Farm Technology Missions ‘ . The on-going Missions runing on parallel lines appear to hold really small answerability, since in malice of their being, imports of pulsations and oil-rich seeds are traveling up twelvemonth after twelvemonth. 118. Critical Role of Education and Healthcare. Value add-on to primary merchandises, turning unskilled into skilled labor and utilizing digital engineering in small towns, require for effectual execution an educated population, with minimal degree of Class X instruction. Unless all kids in our small towns, particularly misss, Dalits and rural hapless get educated, the ends of societal equity and agricultural and rural prosperity can non be achieved. Until formal literacy becomes cosmopolitan, the ‘techniracy ‘ motion ( i.e. , larning the latest proficient accomplishments through work experience ) should be spread. For this Krishi Vigyan Kendras ( KVKs ) should be developed into `Krishi aur Udyog Vigyan Kendras ‘ , with equal accent on production and post-harvest engineerings. Farm Schools can besides be established in the Fieldss of advanced husbandmans. A desirable construction of KVKs for the twenty-first century is indicated below: – Farm Universities/ICAR and CSIR Institutes/Private Sector R A ; D/NGOs Krishi aur Udyog Vigyan Kendra Production Natural Resources Conservation and Post-harvest Technology Enhancement ; Soil, Water, Biodiversity Technology Linkages Panchayati Farm Schools Gyan Chaupals Farmer-Participatory Financial Raj Action Research Institutions Institutions Programs 119. Anticipatory Research: Fixing for Climate Change. Climate alteration taking to alterations in temperature, precipitation, CO2 degrees and sea degree are likely to impact different parts of the universe otherwise. It is nevertheless clear that hapless states and the hapless in all states will endure most, since they lack the header capacity to defy the inauspicious effects of clime alteration. Recent studies indicate that as a consequence of the thaw of ice caused by higher temperatures, a new concatenation of islands which were under the ice have now become seeable. Greenland and the Artic Glaciers are runing and inundations are likely to be more common in North India. It will be prudent to fix computing machine stimulation theoretical accounts of different conditions chances and fix eventuality programs to run into the challenges. Anticipatory research is besides needed to protect coastal communities through bio-shields and familial shields. This country of prevenient research should have high precedence. The Concept of Biovillages 120. Whenever a new engineering is introduced in a underdeveloped county, whether it is tissue civilization or biotechnology or any other kind, the greatest benefit is ever achieved by big graduated table husbandmans. When the benefit goes to big graduated table husbandmans, the trade good monetary values come down at a certain point and the fringy husbandmans become more fringy at the clip of demand. This is where it is really of import that we start the construct of biovillages in India. Each biovillage will be a comprehensive unit in itself in footings of research, production and harvest substructure suited to that small town. A exemplary illustration of a biovillage as practiced in Ernakulam District as a Biotechnology District is demonstrated in Appendix[ 8 ]. Decision 121. Since land and H2O are shriveling resources for agribusiness, there is no option except to bring forth more nutrient and other agricultural trade goods from less per capita cultivable land and irrigation H2O. In other words, the demand for more nutrient has to be met through higher outputs per units of land, H2O, energy and clip. Science can play an of import function in accomplishing the same. However, unregulated and injudicious employment of modern agricultural tools can besides ensue in catastrophe. Hence the hypothesis that scientific discipline and engineering entirely can work out universe nutrient crisis is merely partly true. Modern scientific patterns have to get married up with dirt preservation, environmental protection and population authorization to do them effectual tools in covering with universe hungriness. It will be appropriate to mention to the needed scientific advancement on the farms as an â€Å" ever-green revolution † , to underscore that the prod uctiveness progress is sustainable overtime merely if it is rooted in the rules of ecology, economic sciences, societal and gender equity and employment coevals. 122. The universe can bring forth adequate nutrient for a population of 10 billion by tackling the untapped output reservoir bing even with presently available engineerings, if greater attending is given to dirty wellness attention and H2O direction. We must support the productiveness additions so far made, widen the additions to semi-arid and fringy environments, and work for new additions utilizing blends of frontier engineerings and traditional ecological prudence. The job of bring forthing equal buying power to enable households populating in poorness to hold economic entree to nutrient will still face us. This is where a job-led economic growing scheme based on micro-level planning, micro-enterprises and microcredit will be of great aid. Integrated production and post-harvest engineerings and on-farm and off-farm employment schemes will be needed to supply supports for all in rural countries. 123. In instance of India, we need to switch our focal point in agribusiness from merely mensurating production in metric footings to the adult females and work forces for whom agriculture is both a manner of life and the principal means to livelihood. Agricultural advancement should be measured in footings of growing in the existent income of farm households. If steps as listed above are adopted, the income and work security of two-thirds of India ‘s population can be assured. As Mahatma Gandhi envisaged that â€Å" Gram Swaraj is the tract to the Poorna Swaraj † . Appendix ( Refers to para 120 ) ERNAKULAM: A BIOTECHNOLOGY DISTRICT Introduction 1. The geographical spread of the territory runing from the pes hills of Western Ghats to the coastal part involves different options as support -ranging from intensive agribusiness to marine merchandises farming. This calls for coincident attempts in tackling biotechnology tools to upgrade the activity in the plantation, gardening, hard currency harvests sectors and besides in bettering the productiveness of Marine farming systems. 2. The territory has good laid out substructure, such as roads, electricity, big cold storage installations to treat Marine merchandises, transit systems, etc. Hence the push of the biotechnology attacks is to upgrade productiveness and quality. The aim of developing this District as a Biotech District was chiefly to: – ( a ) Improve productiveness to accomplish international fight. ( B ) Upgrade quality utilizing biotech tools rendering quality and uniformity at no excess cost. ( degree Celsius ) Develop the enterpreneural spirit of the literate work force to research non traditional occupation chances and besides to develop skilled trained work force for biotech industries. The Approach 2. Ernakulam District has 83 panchayets and 10 muncipalities. The biotechnology inputs are harnessed to better the muncipalities and corporations. The biotechnology tools therefore harnessed are brought under agribusiness, gardening, piscaries, domestic fowl, environment and Human Resource Development ( HRD ) . Assorted tissue civilization merchandises are proposed to be introduced in the District. The first successful commercial merchandise among spices is cardamom. Over half a million cardamon workss were distributed in the cardamon turning belt of Idukki. Cardamom is traditionally multiplied through seeds: This resulted in a high grade of variableness. India lost its innovator place as a universe provider of cardamon to little cardinal American states due to miss of international fight. In India 30 % of the workss were lending to 70 % of the output. Such high giving up workss were selected and multiplied through tissue civilization and supplied to the husbandmans. Allowing the eng ineering is of premier importance while tackling, market goaded quality parametric quantities should be considered while choices are made instead than our output. In cardamom the market has a penchant for green clasp capsules. Choices were identified, which possesed over 55 % acceptable quality as against 35 % of the normal farm quality. 3. It is besides of import to utilize appropriate engineering to avoid ecological perturbation. Region specific cardamon ringer parts were selected and distributed to the several parts as against giving the best choices for all the topographic points. It is of import to keep a basket of choices to protect the farms from unexpected incidence of disease. In coaction with the Spices Board and Department of 300 Biotechnology, New Delhi, over 100 presentation secret plans of one hectare each are laid out in the full cardamon turning piece of lands. When we introduce any new engineering, it is of import to foreground the value to the husbandman. Tissue civilization cardamon workss showed promising marks of early bearing coupled with uniformity in cropping, taking to higher outputs. This could cut down the gestation period to get down reaping faster. 4. Delivery Systems. It is besides of import to see bringing systems while we package engineerings. It was observed that the market is extremely elastic sing the monetary value of the merchandise. Conventional cardamon seedling costs Rs. 1.5 to 2, while tissue cultured cardamon workss cost over Rs. 5 to the husbandmans. While the husbandman makes his determination of seting stuff, many a clip the determination goes in the favor of following conventional engineering due to economical considerations. So the aim is to analyze the cost component and to cut the wastages and channel cost. This makes the merchandise more competitory. With this in head, transit engineering was developed to take the tissue civilization workss export to the several parts, where the merchandise will be consumed. Regional baby’s rooms utilizing low cost local stuffs were established taking advantage of climatic conditions. The cardamon turning parts in the hills are blessed with mild climatic conditions w ithout extremes. The cost of such a shadiness house was brought down to Rs. 40 per sq. pess as against Rs. 400 per sq. pess in glass houses supplying controlled temperature conditions. Such an attempt lowered the monetary value of the merchandises by 40 % . With this the market size was expected to spread out to over 1 million cardamon workss in topographic point of conventional seedlings. But, this needs careful planning on the logistics towards bringings to the baby’s rooms so as to acquire the merchandise finished, merely ready for seting during the season. Furthermore, the procedure of holding regional baby’s rooms affecting the local husbandmans brings in faster spread of information and besides helps husbandmans to familiarize themselves with the engineering. 5. Value Addition. With the alteration in tendencies in the consumer behavior in the developed states the market for fast nutrients is quickly spread outing. Spice in whole or in powdery signifier can non prolong flavour degree in the shelves. This led to extraction of oils and oleoresins from the spices. Ernakulam District has the maximal confined capacity to bring forth oils and oleoresins. Attempts were taken to present assortments of paper, turmeric, etc. , with which spice value instead than give. This lead to self sufficiency in natural stuff supply to this industry. Similar illustrations can be quoted such as banana in attractive carry-home battalions made available to the homemakers. This can speed up the production of fruits, within the District, avoiding dependence on other States. Execution Model 6. The chart given below shows the engineering assimilation construct. Acerate leaf to state it starts with the client. The key to Nipponese success lies in placing their client and run intoing their outlooks. When this procedure is started, the â€Å" market demands † emerges as chances and challenges. IMPLEMENTING AGENCY ADVISORY COMMITTEES BPMC 1 AGRICULTURE HORTICULTURE FISHERIES POULTRY ENVIRONMENT HRD 2 Corporation 83 PANCHAYATS ( 3 ) 10 MUNICIPALITIES ( 4 ) 15 BLOCKS ( 5 ) SCHOOLS COLLEGES RETIRED EXPERTS 1. Biotechnology Project Monitoring Committee 2. Asst. Director of Agri/Horti/Fisheries/OHicer-in-charge 3. Panchayat President- Monitoring Officer 4. Municipality Chairman – Monitoring Officer 5. Block Development Officer – Implementing Officer HRD 7. The BPMC takes such chances to the Scientific Advisory Board to measure the technological capablenesss to run into those challenges. BPMC with the aid of the consultative board assesses the technological position and precedences with technology-off-the shelf and new engineerings to be developed through research attempts. Technology-off-the-shelf will acquire into the pilot works where the production gets commercially scaled up to corroborate cost, quality and bringing. The research precedences can be placed in appropriate research Centres measuring their proficient expertness with the aid of the consultative board. Utmost attention is taken while be aftering the research undertakings with the Centres to tap the bing expertness instead than developing new expertness. Delayed bringing of merchandises can retard growing and advancement by non encashing the chance at the right clip. The merchandise commercialization is envisaged through people ‘s engagement. Thus the execution b ureau envisaged is a biotechnology society with an apex body-BPMC. This will consist experts from the assorted Fieldss invariably reexamining the restraints, accomplishments and prioritizing the same by resetting the gait. In one instance if the production has outstripped the demand, the commission works to speed up the gait of the market development. The commission besides addresses the issues on structural reforms and barriers in commercialization of engineering such as infrastructural development in the airdromes for spoilables, flowers etc. , land and legal issues, while corporate agriculture is initiated to accomplish just monetary value to the green goods. BPMC besides keeps ticker on developing the accomplishment of the manpower in front of industrialization so that the accomplishments are non hampered due to miss of expertness. The thrust countries like agribusiness, gardening are once more monitored by subgroups with the Director of Agriculture or such officer-in-charge. Th ese subgroups will hold representatives from panchayets and muncipalities. The construction suggested is a extremely dynamic system invariably prioritizing and extinguishing restraints with the individual aim of maximization of consequences. How to cite Models For Food Security In India Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Problem Solving or Decision Making-.com

Question: Discuss about the Relationship between Quantitative Methods and Decision Making. Answer: Introduction Decision making is crucial for making appropriate choices and thereby ascertain the success of any given business. In the current marketplace, decision making has given immensely challenging considering the number of variables to be considered and the underlying uncertainty. As a result, there is a significant role of various quantitative methods which enable objective evaluation of the available choices which can improve the overall decision making. The objective of the given report is to present the various steps involved in problem solving or decision making. Further, using the process as a base, the relationship between the quantitative methods and decision making would be highlighting using a case study as an example. Problem Solving or Decision Making The process of solving a particular problem at hand or making a decision is referred to as problem solving or decision making. There are mainly four steps or processes that are involved in decision making. The first step is recognition of problem i.e. the concerned manager or decision maker must realise that there is a problem which needs to be solved or a situation where a decision needs to be made. This is imperative because once the concerned person realises the presence of problem would there be steps to resolve the same. Usually the problem is recognised when the performance or output is not as desired (Eriksson Kovalainen, 2015). The next step is decision making is to search for various alternatives that could potentially resolve the situation or problem at hand. Thus, based on the nature of the problem or decision, the decision maker or manager would take requisite assistance so as to narrow down on the available courses of action. For a routine problem, identification of the alternatives is rather easy but for a complex problem, even searching for the alternatives could be an arduous task which may require reference to the available literature. Once the alternatives have been identified by the decision making, the next step commences which requires rational evaluation of the available options or alternatives so that the best alternative may be chosen for the problem at hand (Flick, 2015). For programmed decisions, this is quite easy as there are established procedures along with available tools to evaluate the alternatives available. However, the same is not true for non-programmed decisions as enough information is not available or the same is not reliable due to which rational decision making or evaluation is hampered. Once the evaluation of alternatives is done, then a decision is taken and implementation is done. This usually involves putting the decision taken into implementation. This is followed by feedback so as to ensure that the desired output or outcome is achieved failing which rectification needs to be done (Hair et. al., 2015). Quantitative Methods Quantitative methods may be defined as those computation techniques which tend to emphasize on data collection through various means and carrying out the numerical or statistical analysis of the same. These methods are critical for taking sound managerial decisions. This is primarily because the results obtained from these methods are objective and reliable. Further, the quantitative methods if implemented appropriately could potentially improve the quality of the managerial decisions made as they would be more rational considering the availability of strong evidence in the form of numerical analysis. The quantitative methods tend to identify the various relationships that tend to exist between the various variables present in the available data and thereby enable the decision maker to base the decision based on these underlying patterns. Examples of quantitative methods tend to include various statistical techniques such as hypothesis testing, regression analysis, correlation analys is and other descriptive statistical techniques (Hillier, 2006). Relationship between quantitative methods and decision making One of the key steps which is involved in the decision making process is the evaluation of alternatives. In this process, the various quantitative methods are quite useful. This is because they enable the decision maker to recognise patterns of association and relationship between the variables of interest and hence provide useful information in the form of expected outcome provided a given decision is taken. A case in point could relate to whether an incremental expenditure on advertisement must be done or not. In order to evaluate the proposal, the impact of advertisement on sales needs to be understood using the historical data through the usage of correlation or regression analysis. This would allow the decision maker to work out whether the respective benefit likely to arise in the form of sales would outweigh the expected incremental cost (Hastie, Tibshirani Friedman, 2011). While the above is relatively a straight forward example, the quantitative methods could be used for more complex analysis particularly for estimating the likely scenarios and the possible outcome in each of these. Then probabilities could be accorded to these scenarios based on their respective chance of happening. On the basis of this analysis, it would be possible to estimate the likely payoff associated with the various alternatives that the manager or respective decision maker might have identified. Further, since these quantitative methods are based on data, hence the output thus obtained has higher reliability as the same can be easily verified. Thus, the use of quantitative methods play a significant role in the decision making process at the corporate level (Flick, 2015). Example (Case Study) A real life case study has been obtained from a Journal named Journal of Political Economy where an article named economic effects of broadcast licensing was published in 1964 by H, Levin. The quantitative method which had been used by the author was regression analysis. Based on the sales transactions of 31 radio stations, the data regarding the independent variables and dependent variable (price) was obtained. The various independent variables outlined in the case are highlighted below (Levin, 1964). The relevant regression output obtained from the study is highlighted below. The above output highlights various regression models with price acting as the dependent variable and different variables acting as the independent variables. There are three different regression models with one model using only spotrate with the other adding income also and the third adding networks also. Using the significance values in the last column, a decision maker can narrow down on the respective independent variables that should be considered important while predicting the price. For instance, for a significance level of 5%, the networks variable does not seem significant as the p value (0.147) exceeds the significance level. Hence, the model 2 would be termed as the most superior which is also established from the fact that it leads to the lowest standard error. Hence, the decision maker would use the given model for estimation of a reasonable price (Flick, 2015). Conclusion Based on the above discussion, it is apparent that decision making has various stages and increasingly the evaluation of alternatives is getting more challenging. In the light of the same, quantitative methods serve critical role by providing key support to the decision maker in relation to evaluating the available alternatives. This has also been highlighted using an actual case study whereby the price of the radio station has been predicted based on the empirical data available in this regards. References Eriksson, P. Kovalainen, A. (2015).Quantitative methods in business research (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publications. Flick, U. (2015).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project (4th ed.). New York: Sage Publications. Hair, J. F., Wolfinbarger, M., Money, A. H., Samouel, P., Page, M. J. (2015).Essentials of business research methods (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R. Friedman, J. (2011).The Elements of Statistical Learning (4th ed.).New York: Springer Publications. Hillier, F. (2006). Introduction to Operations Research. (6th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Publications. Levin, H. (1964). Economic Effects of Broadcast Licensing, Journal of Political Economy, 72(4), 152-162.

Managing Customer Relationships in Thailand Airline Industry

Executive Summary Over the past few decades, the worldwide airline industry has been grappling with some major challenges. Just a few of them are: the aftermath of September 11th attack in the US, the ever increasing and fluctuating world oil prices, the effects of the devastating global economic downturn, as well as political and social upheavals experienced in different parts of the world, particularly in the Arab countries over the decades.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Managing Customer Relationships in Thailand Airline Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is this challenge that has left most airlines with dwindling margins against rising costs of operations. One way to deal with these challenges is to employ mechanisms to ensure maximum profitability and improved income with minimal or no wastage at all. But to be successful in the long run, companies should have strategies that must improve custo mer relations (Suriya 2009). To attract, acquire, serve and effectively retain the customers, is the best approach to recover from the effects of these financial challenges. This is why the use of customer service management has become a critical part of any company that wants to build a strong customer loyalty and beneficial relationship. The application of CRM to the airline industry has been on for a long time. However, the service has always been exclusive to first class and business passengers leaving the rest of other passengers without any services of such type (Jiang 2003). It has become clear that the only way to build long lasting customer relations in phase of the foregoing challenges is to ensure that companies employ more focused customer relations management that cuts across all the clients according to their demands. Recently, the challenges accruing from the changing economy, as well as the adoption of e-business are significant challenges that will also be examined here. This last aspect has been the driving factor behind the application of e-CRM, a component that is also described here (IBM Corporation 2008). Industry Overview There is no doubt that the invention of air travelling has not only collapsed the globe but has also contributed significantly to the exotic experience that has allowed the masses to move conveniently and do much business across the globe. It started from the recorded history of the activities of 1930s.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was however in 1952, when the airplane and commercial travel as we know it today was realized. This was after the Board of Directors at Boeing Company authorized the manufacture of the first jet airplane, the project 367-80 and which we also know as 707 (Airline monitor 2006). This was the first successful commercial airplane and its success has led to the replacement of the sh ip, as well as the craft, as the means of choice for mass transport across continents (Airline monitor 2006). This merger was a mutually beneficial one in which the SAS contributed as mush as 30% of the initial capital, expertise and training to the Thai Airways company. To date, Thai Airways International Public Company (THAI) is the leading airline in the industry and it is wholly owned by the Thai people. It is the major carrier in the international and regional front (eTN 2009). Other airways mainly flying or operating domestic flights in Thai include the Nok Airways, Bangkok Airways, Business Air, Happy Air, Solar Air and Thai Air Asia among others (Thai Technic.com n.d.). Customer Relationship Management in the Thailand Airline Industry-Current state of affairs The program must ensure personalized attention to the customer and has to be consistent, proactive and experienced in all the points of contact between the airline and its clientele. It is also of great importance that any such endeavor must be an organization wide approach to secure the interest of all the clientele of an airline. The employees of an airline organization must be empowered to deliver an ultimate unforgettable customer experience. It is imperative the Thai airlines must be prepared to handle all its customers right, the first time, every time and at any place or point of touch with the airlines (Suriya 2009). Figure 1 illustrate the Key Elements of CRM Architecture. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Managing Customer Relationships in Thailand Airline Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Figure 1: Key Elements of CRM Architecture (Munusamy et al. 2011) Objectives The application of CRM in the Thai Airlines can help ease the cash drought and the ever increasing competition from major international airlines. The year 2010 saw a reduction in the profitability of most airlines all across Thailand. The culprits of this fall were the political clashes which resulted in the entire major airways; Thai airways international PLC, Airport of Thailand PLC, recording reduction and falling number of passenger travels. Moreover, shutdown of the European airspace in April 2010 buttressed this situation. The country recorded about 7% decline in flights to India according to Phromchanya and Setthasiriphaiboon (2010). At the same time, declines were reported on flights to China, South Korea, and Japan. This decline saw the introduction of some strategies to help protect the industry from further losses. The strategies included special ticket deals, and reducing the frequency of some routes. In the same year, the Thai air traffic had targeted a growth rate of 10% and which was really affected by the unfolding events. In spite of this, the year 2012 was expected to be a good year for improved tourism activity in Thailand as reported by Wood (2012). The countries’ economy was expected to bounce back from the effects of the man made and natural disasters of 2010. To ensure a responsive airline in Thailand, the airlines need to embrace CRM. Specifically this development will ensure the following objectives. To ensure revenue improvement for the airlines. To ensure savings best running of CRM. To ensure collaboration among all the players in the airline sector that will result in stability and profitability (Jiang 2003). Strategy Adoption of the CRM in Thai Airline industry must be based on a strategy that takes into account the challenges of dwindling fortunes, the fluctuating world oil prices, the fierce competition from other international players in this field, as well as the understanding the challenge put forward by the fact that customers are being spoiled having an access to a broad choice with a more flexible system that can easily allow them to defect from one airline to another (IBM Corporation 2008). The following strategic adjustments are bound to bring about the b est success for the Thailand airlines. The first strategy should be to embrace the Information technology and World Wide Web to ensure that customers can book and make enquiries about the airlines 24 hours a day.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This will reduce the sales cost by eliminating the travel agents. The last strategy is to embrace the usage of e-CRM to help attract retain customers and improve customer loyalty (IBM Corporation 2008). The Drivers of CRM The business environment will continue to be fierce The business environment for the airline industry has been froth with numerous challenges that has revealed the fierce nature of the competition that the airline companies must sustain in order that they stay in business. From the ever fluctuating prices, the increasing competition from world’s major airlines and the open business environment, Thai Airline industry operates against a backdrop of major challenges. These challenges force the Thai Airlines to be prepared to learn and track the needs, behaviors and the lifestyle of their clientele. It is only by using this information for value positioning that the Thai Airlines would be able to attain customer loyalty. This information will also ensure selecti ve competitive advantage and unique positioning all necessary to thrive against the competition. This calls for deeper application of the CRM within each organization (IBM Corporation 2008). The cost of attracting and Retention of customer loyalty gets exorbitant As it has been mentioned previously, the e-business and the new economy have bred challenges to the airline businesses across the globe. It is this heightened activity that has left many airlines putting in place all manner of plans to woo and keep their customers.. According to Chen and Popovich (2003) a company loses 50% of its customers after every five years. This indicates that companies are always at a state of flux which involves attracting new customers every so often. In the same report, Kalakota, reports that it takes 5 to10 times more resources to acquire a new customer as it would take to keep old ones (Chen Popovich 2003). This is a clear reason for encouraging companies to retain customers based on long term relationship as opposed to always looking for new ones. More challenging is the fact that the recent developments in the liberalizations of the airline industry that begun from the early 1970, has led to customers wielding real customer power that leaves the airline companies with no choice but to put in place mechanisms to retain their customers if they wish to stay afloat leave alone to thrive. Customer relations therefore remain key to ensure airline growth and this is the very reason Airlines in Thailand can no longer ignore the CRM approach (Airline Monitor 2006). Developments in information Technology has led businesses to afford use of CRM effectively The changes in the information technology front have made the actualization of CRM such as challenging task for many organizations. At the same time, this change may be considered a fundamental advantage in leveraging on old customer relation strategy that if effectively employed, would result in improved sales and profitability for the airline industry. In any given trip, a traveler is likely to have multiple interactions with the representatives of an airline company with each interaction giving the traveler a chance to judge the level of service offered to them by the airline (Suriya 2009). All these interaction points make uniform and consistent delivery of awesome customer experience even more challenging. This can effectively be resolved by creation of customer contact centers as avenues to ensure excellent customer experience, the first time, every time, and at all points of interaction in all areas (Hutchinson 2012). Some of the possible advantages of the CRM in the airline industry are captured in the figure 1 below adopted from (Phisanu and Piyarat 2010). Figure 2: Benefits of a CRM Strategy (Case Study 2008) Leveraging CRM to e-CRM As companies strive to move from CRM to e-CRM, the swift is likely to bring gains for the Thailand Airline industry. Specifically, e-CRM is likely to reduce customer defection, as it allows for more efficient handling of the customer while at the same time allows for their complaints to be handled in real time through the customer contact centers. Second, a company is able to achieve increased competitive differentiation and value positioning that is unlikely to be aped by others. This is possible as the company personalizes each customer experience in a way that is unique to customers’ satisfaction. The airlines will be able to improve brand image, experience high customer loyalty and thus rank in more income. This improvement comes as the increase in a companies’ market share, as well as a healthy bottom line (Hutchinson 2012). Successful CRM and e-CRM Strategies in the Thailand Airline Industry Airlines and any other businesses for that matter have a chance to ensure improved attraction and retention of customers if only they allow all the activities to be customer centric. This includes their operations, strategies and all are as of business. Thailand Airlines might use the model below that shows the various interactions between the various micro and macro-environments in which the airlines operate (Case Study 2008). Figure 3 Airline e-CRM system model Drivers of change in the Thailand Airline Industry and implications for  Changes in CRM strategies over the next three years As we approach the next few years we can only say that the appreciation of CRM as a customer attraction and retention model within the airline industry has just begun. The challenge is unparalleled, but Thai Airline has done well to apply this concept in the face of the very many challenges they face. The key drivers of change within Thailand’s Airline industry can be summarized as: The desire to better connect customers to the airline more conveniently. To utilize the digital information sharing that leads to reduced cost of sales and overheads. The desire to compress place and time for customers. Last is the need to have CRM updated in real time (aMaDEUS 2012). And with these changes Thai Airlines can be prepared to fly high and compete even with the worlds’ best airline companies. Figure 4. Source; (Munusamy et al. 2011) The Future CRM focus activities in Thai Airlines for the next three years Based on the key drivers listed here, there is an emerging trend in the nature of activities that shall be the mainstay of the implementation CRM strategies in the Thai Airline Industry. Facing fears competition due to the rapid changes, occurring in the Thai Airline industry, the major players have very limited time within which to respond to theses challenges or else face dire consequences. The next ten years is surely going to be a reaping time depending on what a company has sown with regard to activities that are directly a manifestation of this delicate industry. Obviously, there has been a very serious misunderstanding of CRM applications in some industries where, instead of giving it a long t erm approach, many Airlines have looked at this as a distinct component that they often airline to common flying practices. The challenge of these three years must be a shift in the operationalisation of the CRM application and adoption or implementation. Customer relationship that caters for the very value and need s of the customer must be the focus of the current implementers of this strategy. Airline companies must strive to optimize the activities that generate positive customer feed back that attracts productivity and loyalty. It is only this approach that will ensure that the companies augment and keep generation revenue for the development of the very crucial functions within the competitive environment in which they operate. They must focus on creating mechanism to get hold of and hang on to their high value customers with lots of precision to ensure improved results. The strategies of CRM that ensure reduction of costs of operations awhile guaranteeing customers the ultima te experience must be the core of all customer relation mechanisms put forth by the Thai Airlines (Munusamy et al. 2010). Conclusion Of late, the factors such as the pre-flight boarding services, cabin crew handling and their positioning, as well as the services offered are closely related to the extent to which customers feel catered for (Munusamy et al. 2010). The overriding finding is that most airlines world wide and the Thailand in particular do not only look at price differentiation as the only way to attract and retain customers. The customers are now more than ever before have now focuses on issues of building better relationships with their airlines. CRM implementation must therefore focus on bringing about a holistic airline commitment that embodies the decision of every one within the organization and particularly starting from the top management. There must be a clear distinction between the frequent flyer progrmammes offered by most airline companies and the requirement s of the much desired change in the implementation of the new CRM technology. It is evident that the reliance of most companies on the segmentation of their clients based only on mileage is an idea that has been overtaken by the many unprecedented events and changes happening in the Global airline industry as a whole. Companies are in a better position to facilitate their business and client segmentation based on the value and the needs of these clients. The initial segmentation criteria had the problem of overlooking the fundamental and unique differences of the needs of most of the customers leaving high value customers discontent with the services offered. Moreover companies must act boldly and courageously to avoid acting as followers but as leaders in the very field where they operate. They must be creative and innovative to capture their high value customers and corresponding revenue. The needs of the new market environment demands that the organizations design management syst ems which are customer oriented and cutting across the whole organization. They must help their employees to understand the challenge to have a complete view of the customer and to offer their leadership and supporting role to ensure successful implementation of the CRM. The use of CRM is seen as the best bet for the airline industry to attract and retain customers with a bid to aging out competition while maintaining customer loyalty. It however unfolds that companies will have to adopt both e-CRM and CRM at the same time so as to take advantage of the developments in IT, as well as on internet (Paul Hartmann 2003). The development of customer analysis tools that support quick decision making by organizations should be the focus of e-CRM. This must be accompanied by the laying out of a support infrastructure. It is this customer information that is vital for the understanding of the different levels of services required based on genuine customer value. Use of e-CRM will definitely lead to better operational decisions and act as a tool for both long term and short tem efficiencies. The Airlines will reap from a strong relationship management with the benefits of enjoying long term growth in spite of the competition. Reference List Airline monitor 2006, A review of trends in the airline and commercial industry Airlines 101- A Brief History of the Airline and Commercial Aircraft Industries, http://www.airlinemonitor.com/tutorial.html. aMaDEUS 2012, From Chaos to collaboration- Insight into the future of travel, http://www.amadeus.com/blog/11/01/from-chaos-to-collaboration-insight-into-the-future-of-travel?SEM=Google_futuretourism_airline_industry. Case Study 2008, Classic Airlines Scenario, http://www.case_studies.com. Chen, I Popovich, K 2003, â€Å"Understanding customer relationship management (CRM): People, process and technology†, Business Process Management Journal, vol. 9, no. 5, pp.672–688. eTN 2009, Thai and Nok air join forces to boot domestic and regional air travel, http://www.eturbonews.com/13325/thai-and-nok-air-join-forces-boost-domestic-and-regional-air-tra. Hutchinson, D 2012, Customer experience management in the airline industry, http://www.gcem.org/eng/content_details.jsp?contentid=2025subjectid=101 . IBM Corporation 2008, Customer Focused Airline: A Vision for Airline CRM, http://www-07.ibm.com/solutions/in/travel/pdf/May27_Customer_Focused_Airline.pdf. Jiang, H 2003, Application of e-CRM to the Airline Industry, http://ausweb.scu.edu.au/aw03/papers/jiang/paper.html. Munusamy, J, Chelliah, S Pandian, S 2011, â€Å"Customer Satisfaction Delivery In Airline Industry In Malaysia: A Case of Low Cost Carrier†, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, vol.5, no.11, pp. 718-723. Paul, H Hartmann, J 2003, â€Å"The World Airline Industry: A European Perspective†,  Fachhochschule Mainz Case Series, p. 303. Phisanu and Piyarat 2010, Thai airline industry traffic passengers down, http: //www.eturbonews.com/15778/thai-airline-industry-traffic-passenger-numbers-are-down. Phromchanya, P Setthasiriphaiboon, P 2010, Thai airline industry: Traffic, passenger numbers are down, http://www.eturbonews.com/15778/thai-airline-industry-traffic-passenger-numbers-are-down| Apr 27, 2010. Suriya, C 2009, â€Å"The impact of low-cost airline to airline industry: An experience of Thailand†, Journal of Economi Malaysia, vol. 43, pp. 3-25. Thai Technic.com n. d., Airlines in Thailand, http://www.thaitechnics.com/thai-airlines.html Wood, A 2012, Upbeat prediction for Thailand tourism from new Skal Thailand national president, http://www.eturbonews.com/28155/upbeat-prediction-thailand-tourism-new-skal-thailand-national-pr. This report on Managing Customer Relationships in Thailand Airline Industry was written and submitted by user Keith V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Disability Awareness Essay Example

Disability Awareness Essay Example Disability Awareness Essay Disability Awareness Essay Introduction As a member of Security Team you may experience the need to communicate with disabled customers or visitors to these premises. It is therefore important that we all understand the correct etiquette to use to ensure that the customer or visitor has a positive memorable visit due to the excellent customer service we provide. Words and phrases guidelines Disability vs. Handicap A disability is a condition caused by such things as an accident or trauma, disease, or genetics that limits a person’s vision, hearing, speech, mobility, or mental function. A handicap is a constraint imposed upon a person, regardless of that person’s ability or disability. These constraints can be physical or attitudinal. For example, stairs and curbs are handicaps imposed on those who use wheelchairs. Points to Note Individuals with disabilities are people! Individuals with disabilities are whole people! They expect to be treated with the same dignity and respect that you do. Just because someone has a disability does not mean he/she is disabled. Disability Etiquette Remember, he/she is a person, NOT a disability. A wheelchair is part of a person’s body space; do not lean on it. Speak directly to the individual, not to the person assisting him or her. Interact with the person at eye level. If need be, sit down. Be aware of the distance between you and the individual, as he or she may have difficulty hearing you. Offering help is never the wrong thing to do, but make sure it is provided in an unobtrusive manner. Follow through on whatever needs to be done. Do not make a premature exit when assisting someone. Never patronise them by patting them on the head or back. Offer to shake their hand, even if it appears as if they have limited use of their arms or have an artificial limb. Simply the gesture will help them feel accepted and create a warmer environment for communication. For those who cannot shake hands, lightly touch the individual on the shoulder or arm to welcome their presence. Look at and speak directly to the person, not through a companion, carer, or interpreter. Treat adults as adults. Don’t apologize if you use an expression such as â€Å"I’ve got to run† or â€Å"See you later† that relates to the person’s disability. These expressions are part of everyday language and it is likely the apology will be more offensive than the expression. Don’t pet or feed service animals or guide dogs as they are working. When giving directions, make sure you consider things such as the weather, locations of ramps/curb-cuts, and other physical obstacles that may hinder travel for individuals with disabilities. Speech Disability Etiquette Never assume†¦. many people mistakenly identify these individuals as being mentally retarded or mentally ill. Make sure to be patient in finding out which communication method works best for them. Be patient and unhurried when talking to the individual; understand that the conversation may not move along rapidly. Make eye contact. Use the same tone of voice and volume that you would normally use unless the person asks differently. Do not try to finish the person’s sentences; rather be patent so the person can complete his or her thoughts. Ask questions that require a short answer or a nod or shake of the head. If you do not understand, ask the person to repeat the statement. Listen to the person’s words, not to the manner in which they are said. Respect that a person with a speech impairment may prefer one-on-one conversation to group discussion. Ask the person how to best communicate instead of guessing. Be 100% attentive when conversing with an individual who has difficulty speaking. If you are in a noisy and/or crowded environment, don’t panic. Just try and move to a quieter location to talk. Let them complete their own sentences. Be patient and do not try to speak for them. Do not pretend to understand; instead, tell them what you do understand and allow them to respond. Do not be corrective, but rather, encouraging. When necessary, it’s OK to ask short questions that require short answers. Wheelchair Etiquette Do not automatically assist the individual without permission. It is ok to offer assistance. However, if the offer is not accepted, respect his/her request! Some who use wheelchairs may also use canes or other assistive devices and may not need his/her wheelchair all the time. Individual who use wheelchairs may require different degrees of assistance. If you will be speaking with an individual in a wheelchair for more than a couple minutes, find a place where you can sit down to give the individual a more comfortable viewing angle. A person’s wheelchair is part of his/her own personal space. Never move, lean on, rock, or touch his/her wheelchair without permission. In addition to being rude, it can be dangerous. Do not assume that having to use a wheelchair is a tragedy. Wheelchairs can be a means of freedom to fully engage in life. Hearing Disability Etiquette Do not shout at a hearing impaired person unless they request you to. Just speak in a normal tone but make sure your lips are visible. Keep conversations clear and find a quiet location to communicate. If you are asked to repeat yourself, answering â€Å"nothing, it’s not important† implies the person is not worth repeating yourself for. It is demeaning; be patient and comply. Show consideration by facing the light source and keeping things (such as cigarettes or your hands) away from you mouth while speaking. Visual Disability Etiquette When meeting someone with a visual disability, identify yourself and others with you (e. g. â€Å"Jane is on my left and Jack is on my right. †). Continue to identify the person with whom you are speaking. Do not assume that a person needs your help, rather ask if they would like help. When providing assistance, offer simple information about the surrounding area in order to help familiarize the person with the location. Follow through on what needs to be done when helping an individual with a visual impairment; do not make a premature exit. When greeting a person, feel free to shake his or her hand after saying, â€Å"How do you do? Let me shake your hand. † When speaking with a person who is visually impaired identify yourself by name. Address people by name during a conversation so they know you are speaking to them. Speak in a normal tone and speed of voice. Answer all questions verbally instead of with nods, gestures, or other body language. Direct your conversation to the person with the vision impairment, not to another person or helper who may be with them. In order to gain the attention of a person with a visual impairment, touch the individual lightly on the arm as you speak. Do not feel awkward giving written information to a person with a visual impairment; he or she can always ask for assistance reading it. Let the person know when you are leaving his or her company. When walking with someone with a visual impairment, offer them your arm for guidance. They will likely keep a half-step behind to anticipate curbs and steps. Always remember that the person is not the condition. Keep all your speech person focused, not disability focused. AcceptableUnacceptable A person with a disabilityCripple DisabilityHandicap; handicapped person A person who has mental or developmental disabilitiesRetarded, Spastic Able-bodied; able to walk, see, etc Healthy; normal- Just because someone has a disability does not mean they are not healthy A wheelchair user; walks with aidConfined/restricted to a wheelchair Mental or emotional disabilityCrazy; insane A person who is deaf/ hearing impairment Deaf and dumb; mute A person with epilepsy An epileptic Avoid terms which carry a negative connotation: Abnormal, Afflicted, Confined, Crippled, Defective, Handicap, Invalid, Lame, Palsied, Retarded, Stricken, Sufferer, Victim, Withered Use empowering, individualized vocabulary; dont clump them with phrases like the blind or the disabled.

11 Inspiring, Uplifting Quotes for Dad

11 Inspiring, Uplifting Quotes for Dad Playing daddy all the time can be a tiresome task. Dads sometimes feel ignored, unappreciated, and even unwanted in their own family. When that happens, it is time for some words of inspiration. Inspirational dad quotes will pep up any sagging spirit. Dad Quotes for Inspiration Harry S. Truman I have found the best way to give advice to your children is to find out what they want and then advise them to do it. Lydia M. Child Blessed indeed is the man who hears many gentle voices call him father! Kent Nerburn It is much easier to become a father than to be one. Euripides Noble fathers have noble children. Richard Henry Dana Better to be driven out from among men than to be disliked of children. Douglas MacArthur By profession, I am a soldier and take pride in that fact. But I am prouder - infinitely prouder - to be a father. A soldier destroys in order to build; the father only builds, never destroys. The one has the potentiality of death; the other embodies creation and life. And while the hordes of death are mighty, the battalions of life are mightier still. It is my hope that my son, when I am gone, will remember me not from the battlefield but in the home repeating with him our simple daily prayer, Our Father who art in Heaven. Anonymous One night a father overheard his son pray Dear God, Make me the kind of man my Daddy is. Later that night, the Father prayed Dear God, Make me the kind of man my son wants me to be. Croesus In peace, the sons bury their fathers, but in war, the fathers bury their sons. Sir Stephen Spender When a child, my dreams rode on your wishes, I was your son, high on your horse, my mind a top whipped by the lashes of your rhetoric, windy of course. Chinese Proverb If a son is uneducated, his dad is to blame. Jan Hutchins When I was a kid, my father told me every day, Youre the most wonderful boy in the world, and you can do anything you want to.

The Problem of Leadership in Cuba, Mexico and Brazil Essay

The Problem of Leadership in Cuba, Mexico and Brazil - Essay Example 2. Cuba The Cuban tale of independence was preceded by two more important events namely the independence of Haiti in 1791 and the call for independence from Spain in the 1820’s. The Haitian revolution had proven beyond doubt that people from various racial and ethnic backgrounds could operate together to subdue not one but three colonial powers to claim their independence. The Cuban revolution and its constituents resembled the Haitian insurgents in racial composition as the call to arms was taken up by blacks, mulattos and whites alike. Previously the Cuban domain had remained faithful to Spain even though other nations were claiming their independence. Cuba was given the motto â€Å"The Always Most Faithful Island† by the Spanish Crown although small plans for insurgency had been unearthed throughout the 1830’s and 1840’s. The loyalty towards the Spanish Crown stemmed from dependence on Spain for trade as well as protection from pirates and unease at the rising power of the United States. The actual insurgency was initiated by Carlos Manuel De Cespedes who was a sugar plantation owner. Carlos freed his slaves and declared that any slaves who were presented for military service would be freed. The conflict emerged in 1868 and became known as the Ten Years War with the emergence of a new government supported by blacks, mulattos and white men. Throughout the struggle race was nearly dismantled as a classification as white men served under blacks and blacks and mulattos rose to prominence as colonels, generals and the like. The newly formed government was not recognised by the United States though other European and Latin American governments recognised it. The war ended in 1878 with the Pact of Zanjon as Spain promised greater autonomy to Cuba. In the following year another insurgency was initiated by a Cuban patriot better known as Calixto Garcia. This effort was labelled as the Little War but it received little support. Slavery was abolished generally in Cuba following these events and abolition was completed in the 1880’s. The next conflict in Cuba emerged in 1895 with forces led by Jose Marti who was finally killed in the battle of Dos Rios on May 19, 1895. The large Spanish army outnumbered the insurgents as local people were forced into concentration camps by the military governor of Cuba. The final end of the war in 1898 placed leadership in the hands of the influential whites and some mulattos. Following independence Cuba saw social and political corruption along with short regimes that boomed and waned in rapid succession till the socialist revolution. 3. Mexico Mexico was ruled by a republican general Porfirio Diaz who took over Mexico during the French intervention. Porfirio was in charge of the country from 1876 to 1880 and then from 1884 to 1911 through five consecutive reelections and the period became known better as Porfirio. This era was characterized by large progress in economics as wel l as the arts and sciences though economic disparity was on the rise along with political repression. Election fraud associated with Diaz’s fifth election instigated the Mexican Revolution of 1910 which was led by Francisco I. Madero forcing Diaz to resign in 1911. However Francisco was overthrown only two years later in a coup by the conservative general Victoriano Huerta which put the nation into another civil war